Controller Arithmetic Channels Library (2024)

ABS(value)

Instead of a value, a variable within the same system can be selected.

Example: ABS(-243) = 243

ArcCos(value)

Instead of a value, a variable within the same system can be selected.

ArcSIN(value)

Instead of a value, a variable within the same system can be selected.

ArcTan(value)

Instead of a value, a variable within the same system can be selected.

Averaging(Variable;TypeSelector;AdditionalParameter)

Variable: Reference variable

Type;AdditionalParameter: Type and correspondent additional parameter

Classification of value

ClassifyValue(TypeSelector;Value)

This function is used to control the internal FFT Processors (enable/disable) - condition is used from event mechanism of the variable - each FFT Processor is enabled if configured and not controlled with such a function

ControlFFTProcessor(ProcessorIndex)

• ErrorActive = StateField < 0

• FunctionDisabled = Abs(StateField) >= 1000

• State = Abs(StateField) % 1000

• Counts each loop and runs from 0 … 99999 with wrapping

This function is used to control the internal FFT Processor Evaluator (enable/disable) - condition is used from event mechanism of the variable - each FFT Processor Evaluator is enabled if configured and not controlled with such a function

ControlFFTProcessorEvaluator(ProcessorIndex;EvaluatorIndex)

• ErrorActive = StateField < 0

• FunctionDisabled = Abs(StateField) >= 1000

• State = Abs(StateField) % 1000

• Counts each loop and runs from 0 … 99999 with wrapping

Control internal logger - function is used to control the behavior of the internal DataLogger (event-driven function)

ControlInternalLogger(CommandSelector;LoggerIndex0[;LoggerIndex 1 ... LoggerIndex n-1])

Command selector variants

Logger index/indices to be used (-1 will select all loggers)

COS(value)

Instead of a value, a variable within the same system can be selected.

Convert date/time to OLE2 time format

ConvertDateTimeToTimeOLE2(Years;Months;Days;Hours;Minutes;Seconds;Milliseconds[;Microseconds])

Example: DateTime2OLE(2006;09;01;16;30;25;10)

Convert date/time to DC time format

ConvertDateTimeToTimeDC(Years;Months;Days;Hours;Minutes;Seconds;Milliseconds[;Microseconds])

Convert DC time format to Date/Time part.

ConvertTimeDCToDateTime(TimeDC;PartSelector)

Convert OLE2 time format to Date/Time part.

ConvertTimeOLE2ToDateTime(TimeOLE2;PartSelector)

Suppress a defined range of a variables measurement range

DeadBand(Value;RangeMinimum;RangeMaximum;TypeSelector;AddParam1;AddParam2)

Type selector with corresponding additional parameters: behavior if (Value >= RangeMinimum) AND (Value < RangeMaximum)

Add param 1 variant

Add param 2 variants

Deadband(Var(“xyz”);361;999999;0;1)

The result remains at last valid value for 1s, not until Var(“xyz”) is >360 for MORE than 1s, then again the actual value of Variable will be taken.

Derivative of value - function does derivative, using the time base (with granularity of the processing time of the arithmetic stack)

Derivative(Value;Timebase)

Time [s]

Envelope negative of the value

EnvelopeNegative(Value;Slew-Timebase)

Slew-Timebase

Slew time [s]

Envelope positive of value

EnvelopePositive(Value;Slew-Timebase)

Slew time [s]

Compares 2 values; if Value1 = Value2, then the result is 1, otherwise it is 0

Equal(Value1;Value2)

Exponential value: Result = e^Value

Exp(Value)

External slave UART diagnostic value - returning code indicating the faulty slave and can be used, e.g., to send an e-mail if there is an error in the system

ExtUartDiag(StartIndex;Count)

Each slave in the system will get a certain bit – it will be sorted according to the UART and the address - StartIndex is the number of the bit where the diagnostic should start

Defines how many slaves have to be analyzed - maximum value depends on the data format of the function (8, 16, 32, or 64-bit). For easier interpretation of the return values in big systems, create more functions that only observe a small number of slaves with one and handle the others by increasing the StartIndex. E.g. for 16 slaves: ExtUartDiag(0;8) and ExtUartDiag(8;8).

• UART0 contains 3 slaves with addresses 1, 2 and 3

• UART1 contains 2 slaves with addresses 1 and 2

• UART2 contains 1 slave with address 1

UART0	Address 1	Bit 0
	Address 2	Bit 1
	Address 3	Bit 2
UART1	Address 1	Bit 3
	Address 2	Bit 4
UART2	Address 1	Bit 5

ExtUartDiag(2;3)

Following slaves will be observed (StartIndex = 2, Count = 3) and corresponding bits are set:

ExtUartDiag(3;1)

Following slaves will be observed (StartIndex = 3, Count = 1) and corresponding bits are set:

Calculates an FFT of an input variable

FFTProcessor(VariableIndex;Size;WindowType;WindowSubType;WindowParameter;EnableGeneratingFiles[;Mode;TimeDomainBufferOverlappingPercentage])

This is the index of the input variable placed in at least one DataBuffer. Timestamp variable can NOT be used. Range: 0 … variables count – 1

The number of points to be calculated. It must be a power of 2. Pay attention that each point requires 52 bytes of internal memory for calculation !!! Range: 4 … 1048576

Window type variants

Window sub-type (window parameter type) variants

Window parameter variants

Controls generation of the following files inside the controller - they are readable via FTP measurement mode access (root path: tmp/fft)

Variants

Mode variants

Percentage of “old” values kept in time domain buffer. If, e.g., 75 is defined, 75% of the defined point count remains in the buffer, and 25% of the oldest points are removed. Defining 100 makes no sense because NO new points would then be filled anymore; therefore limit is a maximum of 99. The system tries to take all values with no loss. If not possible, it switches to mode “take last defined point count values,” which needs less performance but with the possibility of losing values. Recent behavior is nearly the same as defining 0 (default) here, meaning 100% oldest points are removed.

• ErrorActive = StateField < 0

• FunctionDisabled = Abs(StateField) >= 1000

• State = Abs(StateField) % 1000

• Counts each loop and runs from 0 … 99999 with wrapping

• Counts each loop and runs from 0 … 99999 with wrappingFFTProcessorEvaluator

  Calculates values based on the result of a previously defined FFTProcessor

  FFTProcessorEvaluator(FFTProcessor;Function;StartFrequency;StopFrequency;Result1VariableIndex;Result2VariableIndex)

  FFTProcessor

  This is the variable of the FFTProcessor to be used. Range: V1 … Vn

  Function

  Function variants

  Code	Meaning	Description
  	FFTErrorStates
  1	Minimum
  2	Maximum
  3	Integral
  4	RMS - (R)oot(M)ean(S)quare
  5	SINAD - (S)ignal-to-(I)nterference ratio including (N)oise (A)nd (D)istortion	Best with Hanning-Window Take care that single-sine-tone signal source has better quality than you expect as a result Signal level should be in full range of used input
  6	ENOB - (E)ffective(N)umber(O)f(B)its	Best with Hanning-Window Take care that single-sine-tone signal source has better quality than you expect as a result Signal level should be in full range of used input
  7	SNR - (S)ignal-to-(N)oise (R)atio	Best with Hanning-Window Take care that single-sine-tone signal source has better quality than you expect as a result Signal level should be in full range of used input
  8	THD - (T)otal(H)armonic(D)istortion	Best with Hanning-Window Take care that single-sine-tone signal source has better quality than you expect as a result Signal level should be in full range of used input
  9	SFDR - (S)purious(F)ree(D)ynamic(R)ange	Best with Hanning-Window Take care that single-sine-tone signal source has better quality than you expect as a result Signal level should be in full range of used input
  10	EVV - (E)ffective(V)ibration(V)elocity
  11	EVD - (E)ffective(V)ibration(D)isplacement
  12	Difference
  1000	TimeDomainBufferLosslessAndOverlappingHealth

  StartFrequency

  Function	Meaning
  FFTErrorStates
  TimeDomainBufferLosslessAndOverlappingHealth
  Others	Frequency to start the evaluation Range: 0.0 … NyquistFrequency-BinFrequency and < StopFrequency;

  StopFrequency

  Function	Meaning
  FFTErrorStates
  TimeDomainBufferLosslessAndOverlappingHealth
  Others	Frequency to stop evaluation Range: 0.0 … NyquistFrequency-BinFrequency and > StartFrequency;

  Result1VariableIndex

  This is the index of the output variable where 1st result has to be written to the Variable that needs to have write access
  Range: 0 … variables count - 1

  Function	Meaning	Description
  FFTErrorStates	Bit0 = Runtime_ProcessorInputVaribaleIndexError
  	Bit1 = Runtime_ProcessorSizeError
  	Bit2 = Runtime_ProcessorWindowTypeError
  	Bit3 = Runtime_ProcessorWindowSubTypeError
  	Bit4 = Runtime_ProcessorWindowParameterError
  	Bit5 = Runtime_ProcessorEnableGeneratingFilesError
  	Bit6 = Runtime_ProcessorBufferSizeError
  	Bit7 = Runtime_ModeError
  	Bit8 = Runtime_TimeDomainBufferOverlappingPercentageError
  	Bit9 = Runtime_PerformanceSavingTakeLastValuesModeActivatedError
  	Bit10-19 = not used
  	Bit20 = Runtime_ProcessorEvaluatorFunctionError
  	Bit21 = Runtime_ProcessorEvaluatorStartFrequencyError
  	Bit22 = Runtime_ProcessorEvaluatorStopFrequencyError
  	Bit23 = Runtime_ProcessorEvaluatorResult1VariableIndexError
  	Bit24 = Runtime_ProcessorEvaluatorResult2VariableIndexError
  	Bit25-62 = not used
  	Bit63 = Runtime_NotSpecified
  Minimum	Value amplitude [unit of source variable]	In case of: - start/stop frequency error, value is: -1e10
  Maximum	Value amplitude [unit of source variable]	In case of: - start/stop frequency error, value is: -1e10
  Difference	Value magnitude/amplitude [unit of source variable]	In case of: - start/stop frequency is different, value is magnitude (value @stop - value @start) - start/stop frequency is same, value is amplitude - start/stop frequency error, value is: -1e10
  Integral	Value [unit of source variable]	In case of: - start/stop frequency error, value is: -1e10
  RMS	Value [unit of source variable]	In case of: - start/stop frequency error, value is: -1e10
  SINAD	Value [dB]	In case of: - start/stop frequency error, value is: -1e10 - not finding zero peak slope end error, value is: -2.2e10 - start/stop frequency error, value is: -1e10 - not finding zero peak slope end error, value is: -2.2e10 - zero peak is more than 5 % of full bandwidth wide error, value is: -2.3e10 - signal peak not found error, value is: -3e10 - not finding signal peak slope start error, value is: -3.1e10 - not finding signal peak slope end error, value is: -3.2e10 - signal peak is more than 10 % of full bandwidth wide error, value is: -3.3e10 - power of Noise+Distortion = 0.0 error, value is: -10e10 - ratio of power of Signal+Noise+Distortion and power of Noise+Distortion < 0.0 error, value is: -10.1e10
  ENOB	Value [bits]	In case of: - start/stop frequency error, value is: -1e10 - not finding zero peak slope end error, value is: -2.2e10 - zero peak is more than 5% of full bandwidth wide error, value is: -2.3e10 - signal peak not found error, value is: -3e10 - not finding signal peak slope start error, value is: -3.1e10 - not finding signal peak slope end error, value is: -3.2e10 - signal peak is more than 10% of full bandwidth wide error, value is: -3.3e10 - power of Noise+Distortion = 0.0 error, value is: -10e10 - ratio of power of Signal+Noise+Distortion and power of Noise+Distortion < 0.0 error, value is: -10.1e10
  SNR	Value [dB]	In case of: - start/stop frequency error, value is: -1e10 - not finding zero peak slope end error, value is: -2.2e10 - zero peak is more than 5 % of full bandwidth wide error, value is: -2.3e10 - signal peak not found error, value is: -3e10 - not finding signal peak slope start error, value is: -3.1e10 - not finding signal peak slope end error, value is: -3.2e10 - signal peak is more than 10 % of full bandwidth wide error, value is: -3.3e10 - power of Noise = 0.0 error, value is: -10e10
  THD	Value [dB]	In case of: - start/stop frequency error, value is: -1e10 - not finding zero peak slope end error, value is: -2.2e10 - zero peak is more than 5 % of full bandwidth wide error, value is: -2.3e10 - signal peak not found error, value is: -3e10 - not finding signal peak slope start error, value is: -3.1e10 - not finding signal peak slope end error, value is: -3.2e10 - signal peak is more than 10 % of full bandwidth wide error, value is: -3.3e10 - power of Signal = 0.0 error, value is: -10e10
  SFDR	Value including harmonic distortions of the signal [dB]	In case of: - start/stop frequency error, value is: -1e10 - not finding zero peak slope end error, value is: -2.2e10 - zero peak is more than 5 % of full bandwidth wide error, value is: -2.3e10 - signal peak not found error, value is: -3e10 - not finding signal peak slope start error, value is: -3.1e10 - not finding signal peak slope end error, value is: -3.2e10 - signal peak is more than 10 % of full bandwidth wide error, value is: -3.3e10 - power of Signal-Side-Peak = 0.0 error, value is: -10e10
  EVV	Value [m/s] (for that, source has to be VibrationAcceleration [m/s2])	In case of: - start/stop frequency error, value is: -1e10
  EVD	Value [m] (for that, source has to be VibrationAcceleration [m/s2])	In case of: - start/stop frequency error, value is: -1e10
  Others	Value	-100e10

  Result2VariableIndex

  This is the index of the output variable where 2nd result has to be written to Variable need to have write access
  Range: 0 … variables count - 1

  Function	Meaning	Description
  Minimum	Value frequency [Hz]	In case of: - start/stop frequency error, value is: -1e10
  Maximum	Value frequency [Hz]	In case of: - start/stop frequency error, value is: -1e10
  Difference	Value phase [°]	In case of: - start/stop frequency is different, value is delta phase (value @stop - value @start) - start/stop frequency is same, value is phase - start/stop frequency error, value is: -1e10
  SFDR	Value excluding harmonic distortions of the signal [dB]	In case of: - start/stop frequency error, value is: -1e10 - not finding zero peak slope end error, value is: -2.2e10 - zero peak is more than 5 % of full bandwidth wide error, value is: -2.3e10 - signal peak not found error, value is: -3e10 - not finding signal peak slope start error, value is: -3.1e10 - not finding signal peak slope end error, value is: -3.2e10 - signal peak is more than 10 % of full bandwidth wide error, value is: -3.3e10 - power of Signal-Side-Peak = 0.0 error, value is: -10e10
  Others	Value	-100e10

  ResultValue contains information built from ErrorActive, FunctionDisabled, State, and ExecutionCounterStateField = ResultValue % 10000

  • ErrorActive = StateField < 0

  • FunctionDisabled = Abs(StateField) >= 1000

  • State = Abs(StateField) % 1000

  Value	Description
  	Done
  1	Busy

  ExecutionCounter = Trunc(Abs(ResultValue / 10000))

This function gets the buffer size [%]

GetBufferSizePercent(BufferIndex)

This index defines which buffer has to be monitored.

This function returns state of digital input

GetDIn(Number)

This function returns state of digital output

GetDOut(Number)

This functionality provides free space of the data drive [%]

GetRemainSizePercentOfDataDrive(DataDriveIndex)

DataDriveIndex:

Drive Type	Connector	Directory Name	Data Drive Index
Internal HDD	onboard	hd0
Additional HDD (e.g. SATA)	Extension Q.station X SSD	hd1	1
SD Card	SD Card slot	hd1	2
USB Data Drives	USB0 … USB99 + Hub Port0 … Port98	usb0 … usb99_98	100 … 9999
Network drives	index from configuration

Gets values from NMEA-interfaced devices

GetPositioningData(Selector;InfoSelector)

Defines the port where the device is connected to (e.g., GPS-Module connected via USB->RS232 converter and protocol NMEA-0183)

Info selector variants

XXYY.ZZZZ ⇒ XX° + (YY.ZZZZ / 60)° or XXYY.ZZZZ ⇒ XX° YY’ (0.ZZZZ * 60)’’

Returns system health value

GetSystemHealth(Selector)

Selector variants

Returns compare the result of Arg1 > Arg2

Higher(Arg1;Arg2)

Higher(35;42) -> result: 0
Higher(35;23) -> result: 1

Returns compare the result of Arg1 >= Arg2

HigherEqual(Arg1;Arg2)

HigherEqual(35;35) -> result: 1
HigherEqual(17;35) -> result: 0

Returns the highest one of several arguments

Highest(Arg1;Arg2[;Arg3;Arg4])

Highest(17;12;43;8) -> result: 43

Returns last stored value while EnableUpdate was set

Hold(Value;EnableUpdate)

Update condition

Returns integrated value

Integrator(Value)

The value is evaluated and integrated with the processing time of the arithmetic stack

*Create an enhanced stream under the Q.station and select the variable to be analyzed. Create an arithmetic virtual variable under the enhanced stream and add the Integrator function.

Returns natural (base e) logarithm of value

Ln(Value)

Returns base 10 logarithm of value

Log(Value)

Returns the lowest one of several arguments

Lowest(Arg1;Arg2[;Arg3;Arg4])

Returns compare result of Arg1 < Arg2

Lower(Arg1;Arg2)

Lower(12;17) -> result: 1
Lower(23;17) -> result: 0

Returns compare result of Arg1 <= Arg2

LowerEqual(Arg1;Arg2)

LowerEqual(17;17) -> result: 1
LowerEqual(17;12) -> result: 0

The maximum value will be “stored” and has to be reset if required.

Max(Value)

To reset this result, the settings have to be defined in the “Reset” tab.
These are the following possibilities to reset the value (depending on the location of the arithmetic variable):

• on host

• on variable > 0.5

• on the handling interval

• on a digital input

The minimum value will be “stored” and has to be reseted if required.

Min(Value)

Value

To reset this result, the settings have to be defined in the “Reset” tab.
These are the following possibilities to reset the value (depending on the location of the arithmetic variable):

• on host

• on variable > 0.5

• on the handling interval

• on a digital input

Returns bitwise inverted value

Not(Value)

Implements a PID controller functionality

PIDController(ReferenceValue;ActualValue;ProportionalPart;IntegralTime;DerivativeTime;Mode;TimeBase;OutputVariable[;Type])

No events supported! Turning control on/off is only possible with the “mode” parameter. If event “Host” is activated, the output value can be set in “Control loop open” mode.

Reference value, also called Setpoint value or W

Actual value, also called Process value or X

Proportional part, also called P-contribution

Integral time, also called I-contribution [s] (with type ISM112 [min])

Derivative time, also called D-contribution [s] (with type ISM112 [min])

Mode variants

Time base [s] (Min = 1.0/sample frequency, select according required control loop speed and keep in mind that slower control speed saves CPU power)

Output variable which is the result (Y) of PID controller

Optional parameter to define type of controller

If this parameter is not set, with e./q.bloxx/pac-controllers Type-e_q_gate_pac and with q.station-controllers Type-q_station is used.
Remark: If same behavior as with ISM112 is needed, also Mode-Bit1 = 0 (=Output limitation on) need to be set.

Returns powered value: Result = Base^Exponent

Power(Base;Exponent)

Power(2;3) -> result: 8

Returns random value as integer number

Random(LimitValue)

LimitValue must be a value > 1, result is then a value in range of 1 … LimitValue

This function will be used to round a value to a certain RoundToValue

RoundToValue(Value;RoundToValue)

RoundToValue(5,0537;1) -> result: 5
RoundToValue(5,0537;10) -> result: 10
RoundToValue(5,0537;0,001) -> result: 5,054

Returns value calculated with linear equation: Result = Value*Factor + Offset

Scaling(Value;Factor;Offset)

Returns value depending on value of SelectorValue

Select(SelectorValue;ValueForSelectorValueEquals0[;ValueForSelectorValueEquals1;...;ValueForSelectorValueEquals7])

Selector value, casted to an integer is taken as index for the following value list (last value in list is taken, if index is not present)

Value, which is taken if integer casted SelectorValue has the index

Select(1;1;2;3) -> result: 2
Select(7;1;2;3) -> result: 3
Select(-1;1;2;3) -> result: 3

Allows sending an E-mail

SendMailToMailServer(AddressIndex;SubjectIndex;BodyIndex;WithDataFile;BufferIndex;DataDriveIndex;FileIdent;FileRepeatIndex;DeleteAfterSend;IsBlocking)

Up to 10 E-mail addresses can be defined in the controller via “Host Settings, E-Mail”.
The destination address index is 0 … 9 according to “Email address #1” … “Email address #10”, in case -1 is defined, the message will be sent to all E-mail addresses being defined.

Up to 10 subjects can be defined via “Host Settings, E-Mail”.
The index is 0 … 9 according to “Email subject #1” … “Email subject #10”.

This is the text being defined via “Host Settings, E-Mail”.
The index is 0 … 9 according to “Email body text #1” … “Email body text #10”.

With data file variants

This index defines which data drive is accessed.

These are characters which can be used to define different files. 0 = a, 1 = b … e.g. 10 = k

Each file gets its own index.
0000 … 9999 are valid repeat indices.
This is being used in case very special files have to be sent.
Using -1 means the oldest data file will be sent; using -2 the latest file will be sent.

Delete after send variants

Is blocking variants

Result value variants

This function is event-driven, which means it is triggered as long as the event condition is active.
Take care that the event is only active for one cycle, so only one E-mail per event is sent.
Appending a data file with this function is not implemented on Q.station/Q.monixx (only with “old” controllers like Q.pac/gate).
Use logger functionality to send data files via email there.

Sine of value

Sin(Value)

Value in radian

Sin(0.5) -> result: 0,479

Sin(0.5∗π)-> result: 1

Sin(90°∗π/180) -> result: 1

Sqrt(value)

The argument can be a variable or a certain value.
Example: Sqrt(25) = 5

Square(value)

The argument can be a variable or a certain value.
e.g. Square(4) = 16

Returns standard deviation of value (event-driven function)

StdDeviation(Value)

This function will be used to get the actual state of the whole system.

State(Selector)

Selector variants

Result value variants

Allows to handle some system actions (event-driven function)

SystemControl(CommandSelector)

Command selector variants

Tangent of value

Tan(Value)

Value in radian

Calculates temperature with thermocouple algorithm

Thermocouple(Mode;Type;ThermocoupleVoltageValue;ReferenceTemperatureValue)

Mode contains information build from ModeNumber and ModeBitset Mode = ModeBitset*100 + ModeNumber
ModeNumber

ModeBitset

ASTM E 230
BS 4937
ANSI MC96.1
NF C 42-324

Thermocouple voltage value [V]

Reference temperature value [°C]

Returns true RMS calculation of value

TrueRMS(Value;Type;AddParam)

Type with a corresponding additional parameter

Add parameter variants

Remark: If only 2 parameters are set, type Lowpass filter is activated and 2nd parameter is taken as time constant Tau.

Trunc(Value)

Trunc(17.689) -> result: 17

Returns condition, whether values has changed by certain conditions since last cycle

ValueChanged(Value[;Type];AddParam)

Type with corresponding additional parameter

Add parameter variants

ValueChanged(V3;0,02) -> result: 1 for one cycle, if value of V3 rounded to 0,02 is different to last cycle
ValueChanged(V3;1;0,5) -> result: Rising edge detection. 1 for one cycle, if value change since last cycle is >0.5
ValueChanged(V3;1;-0,5) -> result: Falling edge detection. 1 for one cycle, if value change since last cycle is <=0.5

ON or OFF with delay time, if a value exceeds a threshold or gets in a defined range (see parameter “Type”). Also hysteresis definitions are possible with this function.

ValueEvaluation(Value;Type;Time;Value1;Value2)

Type with corresponding additional parameter

Type 0: High logic (ON delayed)

Type 1: Low logic (ON delayed)

Type 2: Range detect high (ON delayed)

Type 3: Range detect low (ON delayed)

Type 4: High hysteresis (ON delayed)

Type 5: Low hysteresis (ON delayed)

Type 10: High logic (OFF delayed)

Type 11: Low logic (OFF delayed)

Type 12: Range detect high (OFF delayed)

Type 13: Range detect low (OFF delayed)

Type 14: High hysteresis (OFF delayed)

Type 15: Low hysteresis (OFF delayed)

Variable write index based

VariableWriteIndexBased(DestinationVariableWriteAccessIndex + 1;SourceValue)

Access index of the output variable, where a source value has to be written to (only variables with output-part as data direction (OUTPUT or INPUT/OUTPUT) are possible)

Example:
The channel setup looks like:

VariableWriteIndexBased(1;Var(“V7 - SourceValue”))

Value of “V7 - SourceValue” is written to “V3 - Setpoint2” (pay attention that index + 1 must be set!)

VariableWriteIndexBased(2;Var(“V7 - SourceValue”))

Value of “V7 - SourceValue” is written to “V5 - Setpoint4” (pay attention that index + 1 must be set!)